Zowunikira magalasi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga magalasi. Zopangira zilizonse zomwe zimatha kuwola (gasify) pa kutentha kwakukulu panthawi yosungunuka magalasi kuti apange mpweya kapena kuchepetsa kukhuthala kwamadzimadzi agalasi kuti apititse patsogolo kuchotsedwa kwa thovu mumadzimadzi agalasi amatchedwa clarifier. Malinga ndi makina ofotokozera magalasi, amatha kugawidwa kukhala: oxide clarifier (yomwe imadziwika kuti: oxygen clarifier), sulfate clarifier (yodziwika bwino monga: sulfure clarifier), halide clarifier (yomwe imadziwika kuti: halogen clarifier) ndi composite clarifier ( zodziwika bwino monga: Kufotokozera mophatikiza).
1. Chowunikira okosijeni
Zofotokozera za okosijeni makamaka zimaphatikizapo white arsenic, antimony oxide, sodium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, ndi cerium oxide.
1. White arsenic
White arsenic, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti arsenous anhydride, ndiyomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pofotokozera zomwe zimamveka bwino. Amadziwika kuti "Clarification King" mumakampani agalasi. Koma arsenic yoyera iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi nitrate kuti imveke bwino. White arsenic imasungunuka pang'ono m'madzi ozizira ndipo imasungunuka mosavuta m'madzi otentha. Ndi poizoni kwambiri. Ndi ufa wa crystalline woyera kapena chinthu chagalasi cha amorphous. Monga chotulukapo cha golide wosungunula, imvi ya arsenic nthawi zambiri imakhala imvi, imvi kapena imvi-yakuda. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati chowunikira. arsenic. Pamene arsenic yoyera imatenthedwa kufika madigiri 400, imapanga arsenic pentoxide ndi mpweya wotulutsidwa ndi nitrate pa kutentha kwakukulu. Ikatenthedwa kufika madigiri 1300, arsenic pentoxide imawola kuti ipange arsenic trioxide, yomwe imachepetsa kupanikizika kwa gasi mu thovu lagalasi. Zimathandiza kukula kwa thovu ndikufulumizitsa kuchotsa thovu, kuti akwaniritse cholinga chofotokozera.
Kuchuluka kwa arsenic woyera nthawi zambiri kumakhala 0.2% -0.6% ya kuchuluka kwa batch, ndipo kuchuluka kwa nitrate komwe kumayambitsidwa ndi 4-8 kuchuluka kwa arsenic yoyera. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri arsenic yoyera sikumangowonjezera kuphulika, komanso kumawononga chilengedwe komanso kumawononga thupi la munthu. 0,06 magalamu a arsenic oyera amatha kufa. Choncho, pogwiritsira ntchito arsenic woyera, munthu wapadera ayenera kupatsidwa kuti azisunga kuti ateteze zochitika zakupha. Galasi yokhala ndi arsenic yoyera monga chowunikira ndi chosavuta kuchepetsa ndikudetsa galasi panthawi ya ntchito ya nyali, kotero kuti arsenic yoyera iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pang'ono kapena ayi mu galasi la nyali.
2. Antimony oxide
Mphamvu yowunikira ya antimony oxide ndi yofanana ndi ya arsenic yoyera, ndipo iyeneranso kugwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi nitrate. Kumveka bwino ndi kutentha kwa kutentha pogwiritsa ntchito antimony oxide ndi yochepa kuposa ya arsenic yoyera, choncho antimony oxide nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowunikira pamene akusungunula galasi lotsogolera. Mu galasi la soda laimu silicate, 0,2% antimony oxide ndi 0,4% white arsenic amagwiritsidwa ntchito monga othandizira kuwunikira, omwe ali ndi kufotokozera bwino ndipo amatha kuteteza kubadwa kwa thovu lachiwiri.
3. Nitrate
Nitrate yekha sagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri ngati chowunikira mugalasi, ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati opereka okosijeni kuphatikiza ndi ma valence oxides osiyanasiyana.
4. Cerium dioxide
Cerium dioxide imakhala ndi kutentha kwapamwamba kwambiri ndipo imakhala yowunikira bwino, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati zopangira. Akagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowunikira, sichiyenera kuphatikizidwa ndi nitrate, ndipo amatha kutulutsa mpweya wokha pa kutentha kwakukulu kuti afulumizitse kufotokozera. Pofuna kuchepetsa ndalama, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi sulphate popanga mipira ya galasi kuti akwaniritse zotsatira zabwino zofotokozera.
2. Sulfate clarifier
Ma sulfate omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mugalasi makamaka ndi sodium sulfate, barium sulfate, calcium sulfate, ndi sulphate yokhala ndi kutentha kwakukulu kowola, komwe kumawunikira kutentha kwambiri. Pamene sulphate imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowunikira, ndi bwino kuigwiritsa ntchito pamodzi ndi oxidizing agent nitrate, ndipo sangagwiritsidwe ntchito pamodzi ndi kuchepetsa kuchepetsa kuti sulfate asawonongeke pa kutentha kochepa. Sulfate imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu galasi la botolo ndi galasi lathyathyathya, ndipo mlingo wake ndi 1.0% -1.5% ya batch.
3. Halide clarifying wothandizira
Makamaka monga fluoride, sodium kolorayidi, ammonium kolorayidi ndi zina zotero. Fluoride makamaka fluorite ndi sodium fluorosilicate. Kuchuluka kwa fluorite komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowunikira nthawi zambiri kumawerengedwa kutengera 0.5% fluorine yomwe imalowetsedwa mu batch. Mlingo wambiri wa sodium fluorosilicate ndi 0.4% -0.6% ya kuchuluka kwa sodium oxide mu galasi. Pakusungunuka kwa fluoride, gawo lina la fluorine limapanga hydrogen fluoride, silicon fluoride, ndi sodium fluoride. Kawopsedwe ake ndi wamkulu kuposa wa sulfure dioxide. Chikoka pamlengalenga chiyenera kuganiziridwa pochigwiritsa ntchito. The vaporization ndi volatilization wa sodium kolorayidi pa kutentha akhoza kulimbikitsa mamvekedwe a galasi madzi. Mlingo wamba ndi 1.3% -3.5% ya batch material. Kuchulukitsitsa kumakulitsa galasi. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowunikira chagalasi chokhala ndi boron.
Chachinayi, chofotokozera mophatikiza
Chowunikira chophatikizika makamaka chimagwiritsa ntchito maubwino atatu ofotokozera bwino za okosijeni, kuwunikira kwa sulfure ndi kuwunikira kwa halogen muzowunikira, ndipo amapereka kusewera kwathunthu ku zotsatira za synergistic ndi zowoneka bwino za atatuwo, zomwe zimatha kukwaniritsa kumveka kosalekeza ndikuwonjezera kumveka bwino. luso. Ndiko kumveka kumodzi. Wothandizirayo ndi wosayerekezeka. Malinga ndi gawo lachitukuko, pali: m'badwo woyamba wa zowunikira zophatikizika, m'badwo wachiwiri wazofotokozera zamagulu ndi m'badwo wachitatu wazofotokozera zamagulu. M'badwo wachitatu wa zowunikira zophatikizika umatchedwanso m'badwo watsopano wa zowunikira zachilengedwe, zomwe zimakhala zobiriwira komanso zachilengedwe. Imadziwika chifukwa chachitetezo chake komanso luso lake, ndi njira yakutsogolo yamakampani opanga magalasi komanso njira yosapeŵeka yakukwaniritsa zopangira zopanda arsenic mumakampani agalasi. Mlingo wamba ndi 0.4% -0.6% ya batch. Kufotokozera kwapawiri kwagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mugalasi la botolo, mipira yamagalasi (yapakati alkali, yopanda alkali), galasi lamankhwala, galasi lowunikira magetsi, galasi lamagetsi, magalasi a ceramic ndi magalasi ena. Makampani opanga zinthu.
2. Sulfate clarifier
Ma sulfate omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mugalasi makamaka ndi sodium sulfate, barium sulfate, calcium sulfate, ndi sulphate yokhala ndi kutentha kwakukulu kowola, komwe kumawunikira kutentha kwambiri. Pamene sulphate imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowunikira, ndi bwino kuigwiritsa ntchito pamodzi ndi oxidizing agent nitrate, ndipo sangagwiritsidwe ntchito pamodzi ndi kuchepetsa kuchepetsa kuti sulfate asawonongeke pa kutentha kochepa. Sulfate imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu galasi la botolo ndi galasi lathyathyathya, ndipo mlingo wake ndi 1.0% -1.5% ya batch.
3. Halide clarifying wothandizira
Makamaka monga fluoride, sodium kolorayidi, ammonium kolorayidi ndi zina zotero. Fluoride makamaka fluorite ndi sodium fluorosilicate. Kuchuluka kwa fluorite komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowunikira nthawi zambiri kumawerengedwa kutengera 0.5% fluorine yomwe imalowetsedwa mu batch. Mlingo wambiri wa sodium fluorosilicate ndi 0.4% -0.6% ya kuchuluka kwa sodium oxide mu galasi. Pakusungunuka kwa fluoride, gawo lina la fluorine limapanga hydrogen fluoride, silicon fluoride, ndi sodium fluoride. Kawopsedwe ake ndi wamkulu kuposa wa sulfure dioxide. Chikoka pamlengalenga chiyenera kuganiziridwa pochigwiritsa ntchito. The vaporization ndi volatilization wa sodium kolorayidi pa kutentha akhoza kulimbikitsa mamvekedwe a galasi madzi. Mlingo wamba ndi 1.3% -3.5% ya batch material. Kuchulukitsitsa kumakulitsa galasi. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowunikira chagalasi chokhala ndi boron.
Chachinayi, chofotokozera mophatikiza
Chowunikira chophatikizika makamaka chimagwiritsa ntchito maubwino atatu ofotokozera bwino za okosijeni, kuwunikira kwa sulfure ndi kuwunikira kwa halogen muzowunikira, ndipo amapereka kusewera kwathunthu ku zotsatira za synergistic ndi zowoneka bwino za atatuwo, zomwe zimatha kukwaniritsa kumveka kosalekeza ndikuwonjezera kumveka bwino. luso. Ndiko kumveka kumodzi. Wothandizirayo ndi wosayerekezeka. Malinga ndi gawo lachitukuko, pali: m'badwo woyamba wa zowunikira zophatikizika, m'badwo wachiwiri wazofotokozera zamagulu ndi m'badwo wachitatu wazofotokozera zamagulu. M'badwo wachitatu wa zowunikira zophatikizika umatchedwanso m'badwo watsopano wa zowunikira zachilengedwe, zomwe zimakhala zobiriwira komanso zachilengedwe. Imadziwika chifukwa chachitetezo chake komanso luso lake, ndi njira yakutsogolo yamakampani opanga magalasi komanso njira yosapeŵeka yakukwaniritsa zopangira zopanda arsenic mumakampani agalasi. Mlingo wamba ndi 0.4% -0.6% ya batch. Kufotokozera kwapawiri kwagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mugalasi la botolo, mipira yamagalasi (yapakati alkali, yopanda alkali), galasi lamankhwala, galasi lowunikira magetsi, galasi lamagetsi, magalasi a ceramic ndi magalasi ena. Makampani opanga zinthu.
Nthawi yotumiza: Dec-06-2021