udzu,
chitaganya choyambirira cha anthu
zonyamula katundu ndi zipangizo zokongoletsera,
Lakhalapo padziko lapansi kwa zaka zikwi zambiri.
Kuyambira m'ma 3700 BC.
Aigupto akale anapanga zokongoletsera zamagalasi
ndi magalasi osavuta.
masiku ano anthu,
Galasi akupitiriza kulimbikitsa kupita patsogolo kwa anthu,
Kuchokera pa telescope ya kufufuza kwaumunthu kwa mlengalenga
Magalasi owoneka bwino amagwiritsidwa ntchito
ku magalasi a fiber optic omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofalitsa uthenga,
ndi bulb yowunikira yopangidwa ndi Edison
Bweretsani galasi lowala,
Zonse zimasonyeza ntchito yofunikira ya zipangizo zamagalasi.
M'gulu la masiku ano,
Galasi imaphatikizidwa
mbali iliyonse ya moyo wathu.
M'gawo lazakudya zamasiku onse,
Zida zamagalasi zimabweretsa zothandiza,
Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, kumawonjezera kukongola ndi malingaliro m’miyoyo yathu.
Pankhani ya Consumer electronics,
mafoni am'manja, makompyuta,
LCD TV, kuyatsa kwa LED ndi zinthu zina zamagetsi
Palibe chifukwa cha zinthu zabwino kwambiri zamagalasi.
Pankhani ya pharmaceutical package,
Galasi imagwirizana kwambiri ndi thanzi lathu.
Pankhani ya chitukuko cha mphamvu zatsopano,
Ndizosalekanitsidwa ndi chithandizo cha zipangizo zamagalasi.
Galasi la Photovoltaic kuchokera ku photovoltaics
kumanga galasi lopanda mphamvu
Komanso galasi lowonetsera galimoto ndi galasi lagalimoto,
Zida zamagalasi m'magawo ambiri
ali ndi ntchito yosasinthika.
Pazaka zopitilira 4,000 zogwiritsidwa ntchito,
Glass ndi Human Society
Kukhalirana kogwirizana ndi kulimbikitsana,
kudziwika mofala ndi anthu
Wobiriwira, wokonda zachilengedwe komanso wokhoza kubwezeretsedwanso
zinthu zoteteza chilengedwe,
pafupifupi chitaganya cha anthu
Chitukuko chilichonse ndi kupita patsogolo,
Pali zida zamagalasi.
Gwero la galasi ndi lobiriwira
Pakati pa zitsulo za silicate zomwe zimapanga galasi lalikulu, silicon ndi imodzi mwazinthu zambiri zomwe zimapezeka pansi pa nthaka, ndipo silicon ilipo mu mawonekedwe a mchere m'chilengedwe.
Zopangira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mugalasi makamaka ndi mchenga wa quartz, borax, phulusa la soda, miyala yamchere, ndi zina zotero. Malingana ndi zofunikira zosiyanasiyana zamagalasi, zopangira zina zowonjezera zingathe kuwonjezeredwa kuti zisinthe magalasi.
Zopangira izi sizikhala ndi vuto kwa chilengedwe pomwe njira zodzitetezera zimatengedwa panthawi yogwiritsidwa ntchito.
Kuphatikiza apo, ndi chitukuko chaukadaulo wamagalasi, kusankha kwazinthu zopangira kwakhala zopangira zopanda poizoni zomwe zilibe vuto kwa thupi la munthu komanso chilengedwe, ndipo pali njira zotetezera zokhwima pakugwiritsira ntchito kuti zitsimikizire zobiriwira komanso zathanzi. chikhalidwe cha galasi zipangizo.
Kapangidwe ka galasi kamakhala ndi masitepe anayi: batching, kusungunuka, kupanga ndi annealing, ndi processing.Ntchito yonse yopanga yakwaniritsa kupanga ndi kuwongolera mwanzeru.
Wogwira ntchitoyo akhoza kukhazikitsa ndi kusintha magawo a ndondomekoyi m'chipinda chowongolera, ndikugwiritsanso ntchito kuyang'anitsitsa kwapakati pa ndondomeko yonse yopangira, zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri ntchito ndikuwongolera malo ogwira ntchito.
Pakupanga magalasi, malo angapo owunikira komanso kuwunika kwa mpweya wakhazikitsidwa kuti aziwunika momwe mpweya umatulutsa panthawi yopanga ndikuwonetsetsa kuti kupanga magalasi kumakwaniritsa miyezo yadziko lonse yoteteza chilengedwe.
Pakalipano, popanga magalasi, magwero akuluakulu a kutentha mu galasi losungunuka ndi mphamvu zoyera, zomwe zimalimbikitsidwa mwamphamvu ndi mayiko monga mafuta a gasi ndi magetsi.
Ndi chitukuko ndi kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo wopanga magalasi, kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo woyatsira oxyfuel ndi ukadaulo wosungunuka wamagetsi pakupanga magalasi kwathandizira kwambiri kutentha kwamafuta, kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndikupulumutsa mphamvu.
Popeza njira kuyaka ntchito mpweya ndi chiyero cha pafupifupi 95%, zili oxides nayitrogeni mu mankhwala kuyaka yafupika, ndi kutentha kwa mkulu-kutentha chitoliro mpweya kwaiye ndi kuyaka nawonso anachira kwa Kutentha ndi magetsi.
Pa nthawi yomweyo, kuti bwino kuchepetsa mpweya woipa, galasi fakitale wachita desulfurization, denitrification ndi fumbi kuchotsa mankhwala pa mpweya chitoliro kuchepetsa mpweya.
Madzi opangira magalasi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga kuziziritsa, komwe kumatha kuzindikira kukonzanso kwamadzi.Chifukwa galasilo ndi lokhazikika kwambiri, silidzaipitsa madzi ozizira, ndipo fakitale ya galasi ili ndi makina odziyimira pawokha, kotero kuti kupanga konse sikudzatulutsa madzi otayika.
Nthawi yotumiza: Feb-24-2022